Supreme Court Shoots Down Excessive Force Case

On November 9, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that qualified immunity protected a state trooper who shot and killed a dangerous driver in Mullenix v. Luna.

On March 23, 2010, Sergeant Randy Baker of the Texas Police Department followed Israel Leija to a drive-in restaurant with a warrant for his arrest. When Sergeant Baker approached Leija's vehicle and told him he was under arrest, Leija sped off and a high speed chase ensued. During the case, Leija called dispatch and threatened to shoot any officer he saw if they did not abandon pursuit. Leija was also intoxicated.

State Trooper Chandrin Mullenix also responded to the call. While other officers set up three sets of spike strips in hopes of disabling Leija's vehicle, Mullenix called dispatch to propose shooting to stop Leija's car. Mullenix's supervisor instructed him to "stand by" and "see if the spike strips worked first." However, it was unclear whether Mullenix heard his supervisor's command.

Once Mullenix spotted Leija's vehicle coming up the overpass, Mullenix fired six shots. Four bullets hit Leija in his upper body, killing him.

The issue for the Court was whether Mullenix violated clearly established law. Qualified immunity protects "all but the plainly incompetent and those who knowingly violate the law." The Court found no clearly established law barred Mullenix from claiming qualified immunity. As such, Mullenix was entitled to summary judgment against plaintiffs' claim of excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment.

In the sole dissent, Justice Sotomayor argued Mullenix should have waited to see if the spike strips worked before shooting. The majority of the Court was not persuaded. The Court emphasized that spike strips don't always work and officers manning those strips are vulnerable to gunfire. According to the majority, Sotomayor's reasoning was in error. Namely, it is not for the courts to decide whether an officer should use one tactic over another.

Although the Court refrained from considering what tactics and officer should use, many agencies' use of force policies do. Some agencies are now moving toward banning the practice of shooting at cars to disable the vehicle. In such cases, an officer may be immune from civil liability, but can still be punished by the department for insubordination or violation of policy.

Peace Officer's Employer May Not Condition Reinstatement From Disability Retirement

A peace officer who recovers from the injury that led to their industrial disability retirement is entitled to reinstatement without any conditions, according to the recent court ruling in Department of Justice v. CalPERS.

Angelita Resendez was employed by the California Department of Justice as a peace officer until her industrial disability retirement in December 2008. She developed a spine condition as a result of several on-the-job injuries. But in September 2009 she applied to CalPERS for reinstatement. Based on a medical evaluation of Resendez, CalPERS notified her in 2010 that she was eligible for reinstatement. DOJ then offered Resendez reinstatement on the condition that she complete medical and psychological exams and submit to a background check. Resendez rejected DOJ’s offer.

Next, DOJ made multiple appeals to overturn CalPERS' determination about Resendez. But these appeals were denied. The Superior Court also ordered DOJ to provide Resendez backpay to 2010 when CalPERS determined she was eligible for reinstatement. DOJ then appealed to the Court of Appeal.

On October 13, 2015, the Court of Appeal ruled in favor of CalPERS and Resendez. CalPERS was correct to limit its analysis to whether Resendez had recovered from the injury that caused her disability. The law requires CalPERS to order a medical exam and then determine if the employee is fit to return to duty. And Government Code section 1031 sets the minimum standards for peace officers. But CalPERS is not authorized to identify new conditions that might disqualify the employee; it must stick to the original disability.

The court also ruled that Government Code section 21193 creates a two-step process for reinstatement. First, CalPERS must determine the employee is fit to return to duty. Second, the employee's former employer must offer reinstatement.

Here, CalPERS properly determined Resendez was fit to return to duty. So DOJ had a mandatory duty to offer Resendez reinstatement. It had no authority to condition her reinstatement on medical exams and background checks. However, once DOJ has reinstated Resendez it may terminate, demote, or transfer her for failing to meet the minimum standards set by Government Code section 1031.

This ruling provides strong protections for peace officers who have been forced into disability retirement by on-the-job injuries. Once a peace officer recovers from such an injury they are entitled to reinstatement with their former employer. An employer has a mandatory duty to offer reinstatement and may not put conditions on the offer.

AG: CHP Can Disclose Brady List to Prosecutors

The California Highway Patrol and other law enforcement agencies are allowed to disclose some Brady information about their officers to prosecutors without a Pitchess motion.

On October 13th the Attorney General issued a legal opinion about the steps prosecutors must take to get Brady material about peace officers.  The Attorney General said CHP could give prosecutors a list of its officers who have been found guilty of dishonesty, moral turpitude, or bias, without a Pitchess motion being filed without violating Pitchess statutes or the Public Safety Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act (POBRA).

Under the its proposed “External Brady Policy,” CHP would create a list of its officers who have been found guilty of dishonesty, moral turpitude, or bias within the last five years. This list would include the names of officers and the earliest date of any misconduct. But it would not describe the misconduct. Prosecutors could search this Brady list for CHP officers who might be called to testify as witnesses in criminal trials. If a likely witness was on the list, a prosecutor could then file a Pitchess motion to view the officer’s personnel records. Also, an officer whose name was put on the list would be notified and could file an administrative appeal challenging their inclusion on the list. 

The Attorney General noted that several police departments have adopted similar Brady policies and the Supreme Court approved one of these policies in Johnson. So CHP would not violate Pitchess statutes by creating and sharing a Brady list. She also said CHP was part of the prosecution team for Brady purposes, and CHP was qualified to create a Brady list. 

Although the Attorney General’s legal opinion is only advisory and is not binding on local law enforcement agencies, it is has a lot of influence. Officer associations should be aware of their agency’s Brady policy and ensure that the confidentiality of peace officer personnel records is protected. While Brady lists may be created and shared, POBRA and Pitchess procedures must still be followed.

Brown Signs Bill to Stop Scapegoating of Collective Bargaining

Last Friday, Governor Brown signed SB 331, the "Civic Reporting Openness in Negotiations Efficiency Act".  Legislators introduced the Act after some local governments adopted policies targeting labor negotiations, while keeping negotiations with city managers and outside contractors secret. These ordinances typically required information about pending collective bargaining be released to the public even before tentative agreements were reached. Many observers have been concerned these policies, while pitched as promoting transparency, were designed to prevent effective collective bargaining and obscure controversial management compensation and risky outside contractor spending.

Now, under the Act, local governments that claim to be concerned about transparency in contract negotiations cannot only target labor groups, but must apply the same rules equally to all contract negotiations.  Under the Act, any local government that has adopted a such an ordinance must also report on contracts made with private entities. A public agency must have an independent auditor report on the cost of any proposed contract, disclose all offers and counter offers, and approve the contract in open session. The bill states these procedures give the public a meaningful opportunity to participate in approving contractions.

New Law Bars Public Employers From Searching Cell Phones, Personal Devices Without Warrant

On October 8, 2015, Governor Brown signed S.B. 178, the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act (CalEPCA).  CalEPCA prevents a government entity from compelling disclosure of electronic data without warrant. The Act covers both personal devices and online services that store personal data. To waive this protection, the authorized user must give consent to the government agency seeking the information.

Public safety agencies often have policies that apply to "personal communication devices" (PCD). It's likely, however, that many of these sections violate CalEPCA.  For example, some Lexipol PCD policies used by many departments permit administrative searches of both department-issued and personally owned devices.  Under these policies, the employer can track the employee's location, inspect message content, and access online information.  Some Departments have attempted to compel employees to turn over text messages or phone logs without a warrant.

Now, absent an emergency or the employee's consent, the agency needs a warrant to get any of this information. Many public safety departments will have to change their current policies to conform to CalEPCA. As a mandatory bargaining subject, the department and union will have to "meet and confer" to adopt a new policy governing PCDs.